Grammatical category labels
valueabbrev. categorycomment
1st person 1 person
2nd person 2 person
3rd person 3 person
abessive (prv)
(avers)		 use 'privative' and 'aversive'
ablative abl local case 'from' (= separative)
absolute absl nominal free non-incorporated form of noun
absolutive abs grammatical case or cross-reference position in ergative system
abstract abstr nominal
accusative acc grammatical case
action nominalizer acnnr deverbal nominal derivation
active act 1. voice; 2. case or cross-reference position 2. in active system
actor acr grammatical case or cross-reference position
actor topic a voice
additive add case
addressee-honorific 2hon honorification
addressee-humble 2hml honorification
adelative adel local case
adessive adess local case
adhortative (hort) use 'hortative'
aditive (all) use 'allative'
adjectiv(al)izer adjr derivational or syntactic
admonitive adm mood
adverbializer advr derivational or syntactic
adversative adrvs interpropositional relation 'whereas'
affirmative affmt opposite to negative normally unmarked
agent nominalizer agnr deverbal nominal derivation
agentive ag
alienable al possessive attribution morpheme
allative all local case 'to'
allocutive alloc honorification kind of addressee-honorific
anaphoric ana pronominal
andative and deictic
animate an
anterior ant tense relative tense
anticausative acaus deverbal verb derivation = deagentive, blocking of actor argument
antipassive apass voice
aorist aor tense-aspect perfective past (as opposed to imperfect)
applicative appl deverbal verb derivation subtypes may be distinguished by appl.rec, appl.inst etc.
apprehensional appr interpropositional relation 'lest'
assertive asrt modality subtype of declarative: high degree of commitment
associative ass(oc) adnominal case 'with, à'
assumed assum evidential
attenuative atten deverbal verb derivation
attributor at nominal links an attribute to the head
auditory aud evidential
augmentative aug denominal nominal derivation
auxiliary aux if it is the only auxiliary root
benefactive ben case 'for'
cardinal card numeral if marked grammatically
caritive (prv) use 'privative'
causative caus deverbal verb derivation
circumstantial circ interpropositional relation 'in, by'
clamative (excl) use 'exclamative'
classifier clf nominal followed by class identifier, e.g. hum
cohortative (hort) use 'hortative'
collective coll
comitative comit case 'with, in the company of'
common comm gender either masc. or fem.; cf. 'human' and 'animate'
comparative cmpr degree of comparison
complementizer comp subordinator = sr
completive cmp(l) aspect normally = perfective
conative cntv mood
concessive conc interpropositional relation 'although'
conditional cond 1) interpropositional relation;
2) mood		 1) 'if';
2) 'would'
conjectural conjc evidential
conjunctive conj interpropositional relation of non-finite predicate
connector, -ive conn if there is only one
consecutive consec interpropositional relation 'so that'
construct const nominal construct state
converb (ger) use 'gerund'
continuous cont aspect/aktionsart
copula cop if there is only one
crastinal cras tense tomorrow
dative dat grammatical case
deagentive (acaus) use 'anticausative'
debitive (oblg) use 'obligative'
declarative decl sentence-type normally unmarked
deferential defr honorification ~ speaker-humble
definite def determination
deictic of 12 person d12 determination
deictic of 1st person d1 determination
deictic of 2nd person d2 determination
deictic of 3rd person d3 determination
delative del local case 'down from'
demonstrative dem determination
dependent verb form (subj) use 'subjunctive'
desiderative des deverbal verb derivation
destinative dest local case;
also on non-finite verb forms (= supine)		 'to';
if typically for human destinations, use 'benefactive'
determiner det pronominal will normally be def, indef, gnr, spec, nspec
detransitivizer detr deverbal verb derivation see also 'anticausative' and 'introversive'
different subject ds
diminutive dim denominal noun derivation
direct dr voice vs. inverse
direct evidential direv evidential
direct object do cross-reference position
directional dir case or verb derivation 'towards'; use and and ven for deictic directionals
distal dist determination remote from deictic center
distributive distr nominal or verbal
donative don auxiliary of benefactive construction
dual du, dl number
dual exclusive de number
dual inclusive di number
dubitative dub mood
durative dur aktionsart
dynamic dyn aktionsart vs. stative
egressive egr aktionsart
elative elat local case 'out of'
emphasizer/emphatic emph funct. sentence perspective e.g., class of pronoun
equative eqt 1. case;
2. predicative		 'as';
feature/marker of adjective in nominal clause
ergative erg grammatical case or cross-reference position in ergative system
essive ess case 'as'; see also 'transformative'
evidential evid verbal if there is only one
exclamative excl mood
exclusive (de, pe) use 'dual exclusive', 'plural exclusive'
exist(ential) exist grammatical verb
experiential exper aspect
extrafocal exfoc verbal status of subordinate clause of cleft-sentence
extraversive extrv deverbal verb derivation transitivization by addition of undergoer
factitive fact denominal/deadjectival verb derivation A-fact NP 'make NP A'
familiar fam pronominal
feminine f gender
finite fin verbal
first person dual inclusive 12 if treated as a quasi-singular; otherwise 'dual inclusive'
focus foc funct. sentence perspective
formal frm mood
frequentative freq aktionsart multiple times on several occasions
future fut tense
generic gnr determination
genitive gen grammatical case
gerund ger verbal verbal adverb or converb
gerundive (oblg) use 'obligative'
habitual habit aktionsart ~ customary
habitual-generic use 'habitual', 'generic'
habitual-past use 'habitual', 'past'
hesitative hesit funct. sentence perspective
hesternal hest tense yesterday's past
hodiernal future hodfut tense today's future
hodiernal past hodpst tense today's past
honorific hon honorification
hortative hort mood 1st person imperative
human hum
humble hml honorification comprises 'speaker-humble, addressee-humble, referent-humble'
hypocoristic hcr affect
hypothetical hyp mood
illative ill local case 'into'
immediate imm tense specifier of other tenses
immediate/imminent future immfut tense
immediate past (recpst) use 'recent past'
imperative imp mood
imperfect impf tense-aspect imperfective past; vs. aorist
imperfective ipfv aspect
impersonal impr only if formally distinct from the specific persons
impersonal passive ips voice passive without promotion to subject
inactive inact grammatical case or cross-reference position in active system
inalienable inal nominal possessive attribution morpheme or feature
inanimate inan
inceptive (ingr) use 'ingressive'
inchoative inch denominal verbal derivation N/A-inch 'become N/A'
inclusive (di, pi) use 'dual inclusive', 'plural inclusive'
incompletive, noncompletive incmp(l) aspect normally = imperfective
inconsequential incons interpropositional relation
indefinite indef determination
independent indep mood only if distinct from indicative
indicative ind mood
indirect object io cross-reference position
inessive iness local case 'inside'
inferential infr mood or evidential
infinitive inf verbal
ingressive ingr aktionsart
injunctive inj mood
instructive (man) use 'manner'
instrument nominalizer instnr deverbal nominal derivation
instrumental inst(r) case
intensive ints verbal often aktionsart
interrogative int sentence type particle or morphological category
intransitive intr verbal morpheme or grammatical category
intransitive subject s cross-reference position only if opposed to both a and p; use sbj otherwise
introversive intrv deverbal verb derivation blocking of undergoer argument
inverse inv usually verbal vs. direct
invisible invs determination
irrealis irr mood
iterative iter aktionsart several times on one occasion
jussive juss mood 3rd ps. imperative or dependent mood
lative lat local case 'to ~ from ~ via'
ligature lig nominal
linker lnk nominal links subconstituents of a phrase, typically an NP; properly includes 'attributor'
locative loc local case
locative topic lt voice
logophoric log pronominal or verbal
malefactive mal deverbal verb derivation
manner man case also on non-finite verbs
manner nominalizer mannr deverbal nominal derivation
masculine m gender
masculine personal mhum gender
medial med determination medial distance from deictic center
medial medv verbal verb form in a chain
mediative medt case 'between, among; by means of'
mediopassive medp voice
middle mid voice excludes passive
motivative mtv case 'by'; sometimes called 'causal'
narrative narr tense
near future nrfut tense after 'immediate future'
negative neg
neuter n gender
nominalizer nr deverbal nominal derivation or syntactic subordination see also the more specific ones
nominative nom grammatical case
non- n e.g. npst
non-finite nfin verbal
non-future nfut tense
non-human nhum gender
non-masculine personal nm gender
non-past npst tense
non-plural npl number < 3
non-singular nsg number > 1; only if there is a plural for > 2
non-specific nspec determination
non-visual nvis evidential non-eye-witness
non-volitional nvol verbal
noun class n cln where n is a number or a feature
object obj cross-reference position
obligative oblg mood
oblique obl case
obviative obv person vs. proximate
optative opt mood
ordinal ord numeral
participle (marker) ptcp verbal
partitive prtv case
passive pass voice
past pst tense
patient nominalizer patnr deverbal nominal derivation
patient topic pt voice
paucal pau number
pejorative pej affect
perfect p(r)f tense-aspect
perfective pfv aspect
pergressive (perl) use 'perlative'
perlative perl local case 'through'
place nominalizer locnr deverbal nominal derivation
pluperfect plup tense past or perfect of a past
plural pl number
plural exclusive pe number
plural inclusive pi number
pluritive (pl) plural of a singulative; use 'plural'
polite (frm) use 'formal'
positional posit verbal
positive (affm) use 'affirmative'
possessive poss possessive adjective, pronoun and cross-reference position not for an adnominal case relation; that is gen or at
postcrastinal pocras tense future after tomorrow
postelative postel local case 'from behind'
posterior post relative tense
postessive postess local case 'behind'
post-hodiernal pohod tense future after today
potential pot mood
precative prec mood for requesting
predicative pred nominal predicative form
present prs tense
preterite (pst) use 'past'
pre-hesternal prhest tense past before yesterday
primary object po cross-reference position
privative pr(i)v case 'without'
processive, -ual proc denominal verb derivation
progressive prog aspect
prohibitive proh mood negative imperative
prolative prolat local case 'along, by (way of)'
proprietive propr case or denominal derivation 'having, provided with'
prospective prosp tense-aspect 'going to'; opposite of perfect
proximal prox determination near the deictic center
proximate prx person vs. obviative
punctual pnct aspect or aktionsart
purposive (dest) use 'destinative'
quality nominalizer qualnr deverbal nominal derivation
quotative quot marking indirect speech
realis rls mood vs. irrealis
recent past recpst tense = immediate past
reciprocal rec(p) voice or pronominal
reduplicative gloss by function
referent-honorific 3hon honorification
referent-humble 3hml honorification
referentive rfr case 'about'
reflexive r(e)fl voice or pronominal
reinforcement (intns) use 'intensive'
relational(izer) rell nominal
relative rel subordinative and/or pronominal in relative clause
relative (rfr) use 'referentive'
remote (dist) use 'distal'
remote past rempst tense
repetitive rep aktionsart only if distinct from iterative
reportative rprt evidential
resultative res aspect or aktionsart
reversive rvrs aktionsart
same subject ss
secondary object so cross-reference position
semelfactive smlf aktionsart
sensory sens evidential
separative (abl) use 'ablative'
sequential seq interpropositional relation vs. simultaneous
simultaneous sim interpropositional relation vs. sequential
singular sg number restricted
singulative sgt nominal vs. collective
sociative soc verbal 'together'
speaker-honorific 1hon honorification
speaker-humble 1hml honorification
specific spec determination
speculative specl evidential
stative stat aktionsart
subelative subel local case 'from under'
subessive subess local case 'under'
subject sbj cross-reference position
subjunctive subj mood
sublative subl local case 'to under'
subordinator sr interpropositional relation only for the single universal subordinator ('that')
superdirective (supl) use super-lative
superelative supel local case 'from above'
superessive supess local case 'above'
superlative sup degree of comparison
super-lative supl local case 'to above'
terminative term local case or aktionsart 'up to'
topic top funct. sentence perspective
transformative trnsf case 'becoming'; dynamic counterpart of essive
transitive tr verbal morpheme or grammatical category
transitive patient p cross-reference position only if opposed to both s and a; use obj otherwise
transitive subject a cross-reference position only if opposed to both s and p; use erg otherwise
transitivizer trr deverbal verb derivation
translative trnsl local case 'across'
trial trl number only if distinct from paucal
undergoer ugr cross-reference position
unrestricted (pl) use 'plural'
unspecified unspec person unspecified argument of relational base
validator use 'assertive', 'declarative'
venitive ven deictic
verbalizer vr, vbz verb derivation
visible vs determination
visual vis evidential eyewitness
vocative voc case
volitional, volitive vol verbal
zero ∅ making no contribution to sentence meaning