Division of semasiological description of Cabecar 11.06.2026

As an example of the application of the semasiological framework, here follows the hierarchical division of the respective chapter of González Campos & Lehmann, The Cabecar language, down to level 5 of the hierarchy.


4 Significative system

4.1 Structure-based description

4.1.1 Structural classes, relations, and processes

4.1.1.1 Classes of words and formatives

4.1.1.1.1 Proforms

4.1.1.1.2 Adjectival words and formatives

4.1.1.1.3 Nominal words and formatives

4.1.1.1.4 Predicative words and formatives

4.1.1.1.5 Postpositional words and formatives

4.1.1.1.6 Adverbial words and formatives

4.1.1.1.7 Particles

4.1.1.2 Syntactic relations

4.1.1.2.1 Internal complement

4.1.1.2.2 External complements

4.1.1.3 Types of predicates and clauses

4.1.1.4 Structural processes

4.1.1.4.1 Syntactic processes

4.1.1.4.2 Morphological processes

4.1.2 Adjectival constructions

4.1.2.1 Pro-adjectives: determiners

4.1.2.1.1 Demonstrative determiners

4.1.2.1.2 Interrogative determiners and quantifiers

4.1.2.1.3 Indefinite and negative determiners

4.1.2.2 Formation of adjectives

4.1.2.2.1 Final-vowel gemination

4.1.2.2.2 Univerbation

4.1.2.2.3 Derivation

4.1.2.3 Quantifiers

4.1.2.4 Numerative constructions

4.1.2.4.1 Numerative

4.1.2.4.2 Numeral classifiers

4.1.2.4.3 Pro-numerative

4.1.2.4.4 Total reduplication of numerative

4.1.2.5 Complex adjectival

4.1.2.5.1 Relational adjectives

4.1.2.5.2 Adjectival modified by gradational enclitic

4.1.2.5.3 Syntactic modification of adjectives

4.1.2.5.4 Negated adjectival constructions

4.1.2.5.5 Coordinative adjectival constructions

4.1.3 Nominal constructions

4.1.3.1 Pronouns

4.1.3.1.1 Personal pronouns

4.1.3.1.2 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

4.1.3.1.3 Demonstrative pronouns

4.1.3.1.4 Interrogative pronouns

4.1.3.1.5 Indefinite and negative pronouns

4.1.3.2 Formation of nouns

4.1.3.2.1 Compounding

4.1.3.2.2 Derivation

4.1.3.2.3 Substantivization

4.1.3.3 Declension

4.1.3.3.1 Declension categories

4.1.3.3.2 Specific form

4.1.3.4 Nominal group

4.1.3.4.1 Structure of nominal group

4.1.3.4.2 Possessive attribution

4.1.3.4.3 Close apposition

4.1.3.4.4 Modification of nouns

4.1.3.4.5 Nominal number

4.1.3.4.6 Determination

4.1.3.4.7 Negated nominal constructions

4.1.3.4.8 Coordinative nominal constructions

4.1.3.4.9 Phraseological nominal groups

4.1.4 Adverbial constructions

4.1.4.1 Pro-adverbs

4.1.4.1.1 Demonstrative adverbs

4.1.4.1.2 Interrogative adverbs

4.1.4.1.3 Indefinite and negative adverbs

4.1.4.2 Formation of adverbs

4.1.4.2.1 Univerbation

4.1.4.2.2 Derivation

4.1.4.2.3 Adverbialization

4.1.4.3 Classes of adverbs

4.1.4.3.1 Categorial adverbs

4.1.4.3.2 Ideophonic adverbs

4.1.4.4 Complex adverbial

4.1.4.4.1 Relational adverbial

4.1.4.4.2 Adverbial expanded by enclitic

4.1.4.4.3 Adverbial expanded by apposition

4.1.4.4.4 Negated adverbial constructions

4.1.4.4.5 Coordinative adverbial constructions

4.1.5 Postpositional constructions

4.1.5.1 Postpositional phrase

4.1.5.1.1 Structure of postpositional phrase

4.1.5.1.2 Structure of the complement

4.1.5.1.3 Contracted postpositional phrase: ergative pronouns

4.1.5.1.4 Complex postpositional phrase

4.1.5.2 Classes of postpositions

4.1.5.3 Functions of postpositions

4.1.5.3.1 Grammatical postpositions

4.1.5.3.2 Concrete postpositions

4.1.5.4 Formation of postpositions

4.1.5.4.1 Primitive postpositions

4.1.5.4.2 Complex postpositions

4.1.5.5 Phraseological postpositional phrases

4.1.6 Verbal constructions

4.1.6.1 Levels of verbal constructions

4.1.6.2 Verb roots and classes

4.1.6.2.1 Root phonotaxis

4.1.6.2.2 Verb classes

4.1.6.3 Formation of verbs

4.1.6.3.1 Univerbation of verbal phraseologism

4.1.6.3.2 Compounding

4.1.6.3.3 Derivation

4.1.6.4 Conjugation

4.1.6.4.1 Conjugation categories

4.1.6.4.2 Formation of conjugated forms

4.1.6.4.3 Voice

4.1.6.4.4 Dynamic voice conjugation

4.1.6.4.5 Stative voice conjugation

4.1.6.4.6 Non-finite verb forms

4.1.6.5 Verb complex

4.1.6.5.1 Structure of verb complex

4.1.6.5.2 Paradigm of verb enclitics

4.1.6.5.3 Template of verb enclitics

4.1.6.5.4 Functions of verb enclitics

4.1.6.5.5 Lexicalization of verb complex

4.1.6.5.6 Verbal nature of verb enclitics

4.1.6.5.7 Negated verb complex

4.1.6.6 Serial verb constructions

4.1.6.6.1 Structure of serial verb construction

4.1.6.6.2 Lexical series

4.1.6.6.3 Light-verb series

4.1.6.7 Positional adjunct construction

4.1.6.7.1 Structure of positional adjunct construction

4.1.6.7.2 Negated positional adjunct construction

4.1.6.8 Verb phrase

4.1.6.8.1 Structure of verb phrase

4.1.6.8.2 Operations on the absolutive actant

4.1.6.8.3 Expletive absolutive

4.1.6.8.4 Phraseological verb phrases

4.1.6.9 Verbal clause core

4.1.6.9.1 Structure of verbal clause core

4.1.6.9.2 Valency and diathesis

4.1.6.9.3 External complements

4.1.6.9.4 Valency-changing and diathetic constructions

4.1.6.9.5 Subjunctive verbal clause core

4.1.6.9.6 Non-finite clause core

4.1.6.9.7 Complex verbal clause cores

4.1.7 Verboidal constructions

4.1.7.1 Verboidal clause types

4.1.7.2 Positional construction

4.1.7.2.1 Positionals

4.1.7.2.2 Positional complex

4.1.7.2.3 Basic positional construction

4.1.7.2.4 Positional construction with proprietive complement

4.1.7.2.5 Positional construction with dispositive possessor

4.1.7.3 Ascriptive construction

4.1.7.3.1 Copula

4.1.7.3.2 Structure of ascriptive construction

4.1.7.3.3 Kinds of ascriptive constructions

4.1.7.3.4 Constituent order in ascriptive constructions

4.1.7.3.5 Ascriptive construction with predicate complement

4.1.7.3.6 Ascriptive construction with external complement

4.1.7.3.7 Polygrammaticalization of the copula

4.1.7.3.8 Negated ascriptive construction

4.1.7.4 Subjunctive verboidal clause core

4.1.7.4.1 Structure of subjunctive verboidal clause core

4.1.7.4.2 Negated subjunctive verboidal clause core

4.1.8 Clause

4.1.8.1 Adjunction

4.1.8.1.1 Kinds of adjuncts

4.1.8.1.2 Non-oriented adjuncts

4.1.8.1.3 Oriented adjuncts

4.1.8.1.4 Sequential order of adjuncts

4.1.8.2 Expansion by particles

4.1.8.2.1 Sequencing connectives

4.1.8.2.2 Category-sensitive particles

4.1.8.2.3 Additive connectives

4.1.8.2.4 Postposed particles

4.1.8.2.5 Negated clause

4.1.8.3 Division of the clause

4.1.8.3.1 Resumption

4.1.8.3.2 Fronting

4.1.8.3.3 Thematic structure articulation

4.1.8.4 Sesquiclausal constructions

4.1.8.4.1 Validation

4.1.8.4.2 Materialized construction

4.1.9 Complex clause

4.1.9.1 Parataxis and hypotaxis

4.1.9.2 Paratactic constructions

4.1.9.2.1 Serial parataxis

4.1.9.2.2 Binomial parataxis

4.1.9.3 Hypotactic constructions

4.1.9.3.1 Classification of subordinate clauses

4.1.9.3.2 Finite subordinate clauses

4.1.9.3.3 Non-finite subordinate clause

4.1.10 Sentence

4.1.10.1 Holophrastic particles

4.1.10.1.1 Interjections

4.1.10.1.2 Ideophonic particles

4.1.10.2 Sentence topology

4.1.10.3 Sentence types

4.1.10.4 Declarative sentence

4.1.10.4.1 Neutral and irrealizable declarative sentences

4.1.10.4.2 Precative declarative sentence

4.1.10.5 Interrogative sentence

4.1.10.5.1 Polar interrogative sentence

4.1.10.5.2 Content-interrogative sentence

4.1.10.5.3 Precative interrogative sentence

4.1.10.5.4 Expansion by interrogative particle

4.1.10.6 Non-indicative sentence

4.1.10.6.1 Directive sentence

4.1.10.6.2 Optative sentence

4.1.10.6.3 Prohibitive sentence

4.1.10.6.4 Negative approbative vs. prohibitive sentences

4.1.10.7 Phraseological sentences

4.1.11 Lexicon

4.1.11.1 Glossary of lexemes and formatives

4.1.11.2 Loanwords and loan creations