1. Stems are lexically categorized as verb stems.
2. There is no regular derivational process dedicated to adding or blocking an actor or undergoer argument slot.
   • Many of the alternations in question are purely lexical.
   • Many of the bases in question are transitive and can be detransitivized by inflectional or syntactic means.
3. Verbal relationality is not coded morphologically.

Lehmann, Christian 2002, "Latin valency in typological perspective." Bolkestein, A. Machtelt & Kroon, Caroline H.M. & Pinkster, Harm & Remmelink, H. Wim & Risselada, Rodie (eds.), Theory and description in Latin linguistics. Selected papers from the XIth International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics, Amsterdam June 24-29, 2001. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben; 183-203.