Implied circumstant 17.07.2026

The design of a situation involves optional modifications on different layers (Hengeveld 1989). A physical situation necessarily occurs in a place and at a time, whether or not these are coded. As a consequence, place and time adverbials require comparatively less coding than adverbials coding more distant circumstants.

.I dislike John's driving. (Katz & Postal 1964: 123f)

is ambiguous because the object of the antipathy may be either the fact or the manner of John's driving.

Many languages have pro-adverbs coding place, time and manner, like English where, when, how - there, then, thus. Such basic adverbs are rare or non-existent for other circumstants, like beneficiary, instrument, cause etc.


Hengeveld, Kees 1989, “Layers and operators in Functional Grammar”. Journal of Linguistics 25: 127-157.